![]() ![]() These have tips suitable for piercing semi-solids, have electrode materials compatible with ingredients in food, and are resistant to clogging. In addition to measuring the pH of liquids, specially designed electrodes are available to measure the pH of semi-solid substances, such as foods. The devices have been miniaturized, enabling direct measurement of pH inside of living cells. Īdvances in the instrumentation and in detection have expanded the number of applications in which pH measurements can be conducted. pH meters are used for soil measurements in agriculture, water quality for municipal water supplies, swimming pools, environmental remediation brewing of wine or beer manufacturing, healthcare and clinical applications such as blood chemistry and many other applications. Knowledge of pH is useful or critical in many situations, including chemical laboratory analyses. The rate and outcome of chemical reactions taking place in water often depends on the acidity of the water, and it is therefore useful to know the acidity of the water, typically measured by means of a pH meter. ![]() 2.2 pH electrode and reference electrode design. ![]()
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